Association between diet quality and BMI with side effects of pfizer-biontech COVID-19 vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G titers. (Special Issue: The relationship between nutrition and COVID-19.)

Purpose: The nutritional and anthropometric status can be essential in determining their immune response to vaccines. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the association between diet quality and anthropometric indices with the side effects of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and the SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G titer among Kurdish adults. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted between December 2021 and February 2022. This paper included data on 115 adults, 20-89 years old, from the Kurdistan region. Dietary information was collected using a short food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was assessed using a plant-based healthy diet score. A blood test was performed to measure the SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobin G (IgG) titer after the vaccination's first and second doses. Findings: Overweight and obese subjects reported more local pain, myalgia, headache, local bruising and local reactions after receiving the first dose of the vaccine (p = 0.04). People on a less healthy diet reported more local pain, myalgia and headache (p = 0.04) and more local bruising and reactions (p = 0.01) after receiving the second dose of the vaccine. On the other hand, the authors observed that those with healthy dietary habits had more IgG titer after the first and second doses of vaccination than those with less healthy dietary habits (p = 0.001). Originality/valueThe results showed that participants with a healthy diet and normal weight status had fewer side effects of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine than obese people and those with a less healthy diet.

Abstracts From the American Heart Association's Epidemiology and Prevention/Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health 2022 Scientific Sessions

The proceedings contain 385 papers. The topics discussed include: racial and ethnic differences in the population burden of dementia attributable to modifiable risk factors in the United States;higher visit-to-visit variability in fasting glucose and HbA1c is associated with decline in global cognitive performance: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA);prevalence of stroke symptoms among Hispanic/Latino adults in the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL);educational attainment and dementia risk: mediation by vascular risk factors at mid-life in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study;a healthy plant-based diet was associated with slower cognitive decline in African Americans: a biracial community-based cohort of older adults;outcome preferences related to cardiovascular preventive therapies in older adults: an online survey;subclinical myocardial injury, coagulopathy, and inflammation in Covid-19: a meta-analysis;COVID-19 and type II NSTEMI: a comprehensive overview;association of antecedent statin use with outcomes of people with Covid-19 admitted at northwestern medicine health system;and social determinants of health and ambulatory outcomes among Covid-19 positive patients: differences by race/ethnicity.

An Evaluative Study on Strategic Directives for Brand Delight and Its Impact on Customer Retention in Indian Food Industry Amidst Covid-19

This study is an evaluative study on strategic perspectives on brand delight and its impact on Indian fast-food Industry amidst Covid19. The global crisis and turmoil have crippled and transformed the entire operations of the globe. The Indian fast-food industry has been closed for almost six months. There is a need for revamping and restarting this industry for economic and social contributions.As social distancing, wearing masks and following the government norms has become the order of the day, this has also led to change in consumer's perceptions and attitudes. The study by nature evaluates strategic perspectives which could lead to brand delight in Indian fast food industry. This would also ensure brand retention in these challenging times. As there has been very little empirical investigations which have been attempted in this industry during these tough times in India, this study addresses the research gaps and also provides practical inputs for Indian fast-food industry on consumer perception towards brand delight and retention, which is the need of the hour. This is an empirical and quantitative study which attempts to provide strategic perspectives for Indian fast-food industry by collecting primary data through Questionnaire. The primary data for the study has been collected with 64 fast food consumers from Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Amritsar and Calcutta. Stratified random sampling has been used in this study. The collected data has been analysed using SPSS tools as correlation, Wilcoxon signed rank test and Friedman two-way non-parametric Anova test has been conducted in this study. In this study it is found that brand communication can be made very effective using Digital display & advertisements &SEO Tools getting next Social media like FB getting least ranking which is very surprising. In this study it is also found that image of the product and awareness, popularity of fast-food leads to more purchase of fast-food products. It is found from this study that there is a positive correlation between the factors of satisfaction with fast food products and engagement and expectation of more products in fast food industry. It was also found that majority of the respondents love Indian dishes and Indian restaurants, Dominos, Pizza hut, McDonald are their favourite choices and also, they expecting to have more spicy and vegetarian varieties in fast food industry. The factors for customer retention have been provided in this study which includes Pleasing environment and good food are my preferences for happiness and satisfaction, Variety of dishes and menu has attracted customers to this food and customers are happy with the experience and would come again, & Communication of staff is very essential which makes consumers happy and satisfied. From these findings it is concluded that Indian fast-food industry must have these strategic perspectives for brand delight and customer retention.Copyright © 2020 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.

Is adherence to Mediterranean and vegetarian dietary patterns associated with traditional and novel markers of inflammation?

Numerous inflammatory biomarkers have been identified in processes leading to cardiac events, including C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), but more novel markers of inflammation including platelet activating factor (PAF) and lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) may be more specific indicators of chronic cardiovascular inflammatory processes.(1) Healthy diet influences cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and modulating inflammation is a proposed mechanism for risk reduction. Plant-based dietary patterns have been associated with reduced CVD risk.(1) This study aimed to investigate whether adherence to Mediterranean or vegetarian dietary pattern is associated with traditional and novel markers of inflammation in healthy adults. In a cross-sectional study, 100 healthy adults (49 +/- 13 years, 69% female) were recruited and categorised as either high (n = 68) or low risk for CVD (n = 32). Fasted plasma was analysed for hs-CRP, PAF and Lp-PLA2. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Validated tools(2,3) were used to calculate Mediterranean and vegetarian dietary pattern adherence scores. Pearson's and Spearman's rank correlation were used to assess associations between each marker of inflammation and dietary pattern scores. T-tests assessed differences in markers between high and low adherers (based on median cut-off) to each dietary pattern. In the total sample, hs-CRP had a medium, negative correlation with vegetarian dietary pattern score (r = -0.445, p < .001), which remained significant for those at high (r = -0.424, p < .001) but not low (r = -0.233, p = .199) risk of CVD. Those with high vegetarian dietary pattern adherence had significantly lower mean hs-CRP (1.62 +/- 3.75 mg/L) compared to those with low adherence (3.23 +/- 4.03 mg/L, p < 0.001) There was a small, negative correlation between Mediterranean dietary pattern score and hs-CRP (r = -0.276, p = .006). Again the correlation was only significant for those at high (r = -.296, p = .015) but not low (r = -.088, p = .633) CVD risk. Those with high Mediterranean dietary pattern adherence had significantly lower mean hs-CRP (1.35 +/- 1.36) than those with low adherence (3.41 +/- 5.13, p = .006). Results for PAF showed a small, positive but nonsignificant correlation with both dietary pattern scores Lp-PLA2 had small, negative, nonsignificant correlations with both dietary pattern scores. There was no difference in PAF or Lp-PLA2 levels between those with high versus low adherence for either dietary pattern. We can conclude that hs-CRP, a traditional marker of inflammation, is correlated with Mediterranean and Vegetarian dietary pattern adherence. Whilst there was no correlation with novel markers of inflammation, this could be due to the timing of COVID-19 vaccinations which coincided with outcome measures Larger studies are needed to determine whether a true relationship exists between diet scores and markers of inflammation.

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS ANTICOAGULANTS IN COVID-19 INDIAN SUBJECTS: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Background: To assess the efficacy of various anticoagulants being prescribed in the COVID 19 induced hypercoagulability, so as to know optimally effective anticoagulant. Methods: This was a Indian observational study conducted in our covid centre at vijayawada,Andhra Pradesh between june 2020 to January 2021 . Results: A total of 100 COVID 19 subjects were included. The patients were found to be matched with respect to age, gender, diet and past history of various illnesses. Gender wise more males (60 patients)are affected when compared to females(40 patients). Age group more affected are less than or equal to 50yrs . Comorbidites like Diabetes(67patients),cardiac problems(62patients), dyslipidemia(62patients) were seen. Risk factors like smoking(52patients), alcoholism(50patients) noticed. Almost all subjects are RTPCR positive. IL- 6,CRP,LDH high in most subjects. Ferritin and PT/INR are normal in more subjects. Out of 100 patients oxygen is required in 48 subjects and BIPAP/CPAP required in 26 subjects. Death occurred in 24 patients (2 with CVA,22 with myocardial infraction). Mortality rate is more in vegetarians. More patients in our study belongs to CORADS score 4 and 5. D-dimer are increased in 67subjects. IL-6 are increased in 68patients . Frequency of subjects with raised D-dimer (p = 0.049) and CRP (p = 0.002) levels were found to be benefitted on receiving nattokinase. However, no other parameters such as IL-6 (p = 0.068) ferritin (p = 0.396), ESR (p = 0.278), PT/INR (p = 0.47) LDH (p = 0.34) or CORADS staging achieved such significant association. Also need of interventions such as Oxygen (p = 0.001), BIPAP/CPAP (p < 0.0001) were low in patients on nattokinase. No significant difference was noted in follow up investigations such as PT/INR (p = 0.31) and other markers (D-dimer, IL-6, LDH, CRP) (p = 0.55). No bleeding episodes were reported in subjects on nattokinase. Significant low rate of death was found in subjects who received nattokinase (p < 0.0001) and rivaroxaban (p < 0.0001). Also, significantly higher mortality rate was observed in subjects who required to be put on oxygen (p < 0.0001) as well as BIPAP/CPAP (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Nattokinase simultaneously effects several key favourable benefits for thrombosis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidaemia, platelet aggregation, and neuroprotection in patients with COVID 19 infection. (Figure Presented).

Dietary Habits and Lifestyle, Including Cardiovascular Risk among Vegetarians and Omnivores during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Polish Population.

Background: This study assessed how two food groups­omnivores (OMN) and vegetarians (VEGE)­differ in lifestyle changes, including dietary habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials: A total of 861 persons participated in the survey and were divided into two groups: persons following a mixed diet (n = 489) and vegetarians, including vegans (n = 372). The mean age shows no significant differences. Methods: An online survey was conducted on the Polish population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected using social media; the survey was intended for adults and included separate sheets for different diets (OMN vs. VEGE). Results: The results in both groups were similar regarding the burden of premature diseases. Most respondents (~90%) did not indicate cardiovascular disease abnormalities. In the OMN group, overweight and obesity occurred more often, and the OMN group also showed a higher percentage of people reporting weight gain (OMN 42.7% vs. VEGE 35.9%). The results disclosed the VEGE group significantly more frequently chose products, i.e., vegetables (p = 0.029), legumes (p < 0.001), and dairy products or their plant substitutes (p = 0.002), compared to the OMN group. Conclusions: The VEGE group revealed the most regularities in dietary habits during the pandemic.

Conclusion: Vampires in the Anthropocene and Beyond

This chapter summarises the key reasons for the shift in the diet of (some) vampires, from human to animal or synthetic blood, or to human blood that has been given freely, explored throughout this volume and in so doing makes a case for reading these texts through the lens of vegetarianism. It then addresses the recent surge or, perhaps, the resurgence of texts in which the vampire's monstrous thirst for human blood is not diminished. It argues that this strand of the vampire story, at the point of feeding, complements rather than dispatches the developments and concerns of the vegetarian vampire. The chapter then ends by showing how, in both of its incarnations (as a vegetarian or as a virus), the contemporary vampire articulates, albeit in different ways, the concerns aroused by the Anthropocene. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Plant power

The climate crisis, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter movement, are contributing to a shift in what people eat. For environmental sustainability, ethical, social justice, and health reasons, people are embracing plant-based diets, which involve consuming mostly fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans and little or no meat and dairy products. Drawing on insights from consumer psychology, this review synthesizes academic research at the intersection of food and consumer values to propose a framework for understanding how and why these values-Sustainability, Ethics, Equity, and Dining for health-are transforming what people eat. We term our model the SEED framework. We build this framework around a report assembled by the Rockefeller Foundation (2021) that describes how to grow a value-based societal food system. Finally, we highlight insights from consumer psychology that promote an understanding of how consumer values are shifting people's diets and raise research questions to encourage more consumer psychologists to investigate how and why values influence what consumers eat, which in turn impacts the well-being of people, our environment, and society.

Complementary and Alternative Medicines Used by Middle-Aged to Older Taiwanese Adults to Cope with Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to manage stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was administered to community-dwelling adults between the ages of 46 and 75 years, and a total of 351 participants completed the questionnaire. Log-binominal regression analyses were fitted to explore the factors associated with the use of CAMs. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 57.0 years, and 67.0% reported that they had used CAMs within the past three months. Middle-aged adults were more likely to use CAMs than late middle-aged adults and older adults (p < 0.001). Overall, the major CAMs utilized to relieve psychological stress were music therapies (37.6%), massage (31.1%), spinal manipulation (25.1%), relaxing therapies (24.2%), and reading scriptures or The Bible (23.9%). Religion and vegetarian diets were the most important factors influencing participants to use CAMs, especially music therapies, massage, and reading scriptures/The Bible. CONCLUSIONS: CAM use was very prevalent among middle-aged adults in Taiwan; in particular, music therapies were the most favored activities for reducing stress. Population-specific mental health interventions using music can be developed to improve stress management outcomes during public health emergencies.

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY PATTERN ON DURATION OF HOSPITAL STAYS IN PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY COVID ILLNESS

Background: The immune system defends the host against many harmful microorganisms. The immune system has developed to contain various specialized cell types, signaling molecules, and functional responses to deal with this wide range of threats. In Covid-19 infections immune system is the key component for prevention of the disease. Hospital admission and duration of stay due to covid 19 infection have a considerable physical, financial, and psychological burden for the individual, family, and country. Diet has been shown to have a vital role in boosting one's immunity. Non vegetarian diet is traditionally considered to be immunity boosting as it is rich in protein, vitamins, and micronutrients. Aims and objective: To study the effect of dietary pattern on duration of hospital stay in patients with respiratory Covid illness Material and Methods: This was a double blind retrospective cohort study comprising of 113 patients tested positive in RTPCR for SARS-CoV-2 and admitted at DCH located at super specialty hospital of Jayarogya Group of Hospitals, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, was studied retrospectively between July 2020 to October 2020. Patients were divided based on diet pattern into Group A (patients following a vegetarian diet;n=70) and Group B (patients following a non-vegetarian diet;n=43). The outcome was measured as the duration of hospital stay and comparison of diet type, age, and gender of patients. All these patients were discharge stable and case files of deaths were excluded. Non vegetarian diet was defined as inclusion of eggs, meet, fish in the routine diet whereas a vegetarian diet was exclusion of these items. Result: Out of 113 patients, most (61.94%) had a vegetarian diet, whereas 43 (38.06%) had a non-vegetarian diet. Duration of hospital stay was more in patients in Group A (10.71±5.5 days) than Group B (8.4± 4.7 days), p=0.0302. Hospital stay was longer (11.05 days) in older patients (>50 years) compared to younger patients (≤50 years) (9.2 days) (table 3). In Group A, hospital stay was longer in those with age >50 years (11.4 days) compared to those with age ≤50 (9.2 days). On the contrary, older patients had shorter hospital lengths (9.9 days) than younger patients (10.09 days) in Group B (p value =). Conclusion: A significantly shorter hospital stay was observed in patients of respiratory covid infection following a non-vegetarian diet with Covid-19 infection.

Vitamin B12 deficiency in northern India tertiary care: Prevalence, risk factors and clinical characteristics.

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to a diversity of symptoms and affects many systems. It is often overlooked or sometimes even misdiagnosed in clinical practice. Aims and Objectives: The purposes of this study were to report the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency, the spectrum of clinical features and to draw attention to the possibility of rare hidden characteristics. Materials and Methods: This study was a multicenter, retrospective, and prospective conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital and multispecialty hospital. All cases of vitamin B12 deficiency of either sex or age attending the Medicine Department were enrolled in this study from Aug 2015 to Dec 2020. Parenteral vitamin B12 was given, and cases were evaluated for the response on follow-up for more than three months. Results: Of 220 cases, 52.27% were males. Maximum cases were reported from the age group 50 to 65 years (27.27%) and belonged to urban areas (59.1%). The majority were strict vegetarian (86.36%). Among comorbidities, diabetes (20.91%) followed by malabsorption (10.45%) were most common. The cutaneous manifestations were revealed at 38.18%. The most frequent neurological manifestation was paraesthesia (98.18%). Head heaviness/ache was the most frequent (95%) psychiatric manifestation. Anemia was revealed in 87.73% of cases with 88.64% macrocytosis. Axonal sensorimotor (52.63%) neuropathy was a prevalent finding of NCV study. Conclusions: A high index of clinical suspicion is needed in cases with vague manifestations, especially in the pure vegetarian population. Early recognition can prevent further damage as most of its related disorders are generally reversible with treatment.

Rationalisation of meat consumption in New Zealand adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe meat consumption rationalisation and relationships with meat consumption patterns and food choice motivations in New Zealand adolescents. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of adolescents from high schools across New Zealand. Demographics, dietary habits, and motivations and attitudes towards food were assessed by online questionnaire and anthropometric measurements taken by researchers. The 4Ns questionnaire assessed meat consumption rationalisation with four subscales: 'Nice', 'Normal', 'Necessary' and 'Natural'. SETTING: Nineteen secondary schools from eight regions in New Zealand, with some purposive sampling of adolescent vegetarians in Otago, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: Questionnaires were completed by 385 non-vegetarian and vegetarian (self-identified) adolescents. RESULTS: A majority of non-vegetarian adolescents agreed that consuming meat was 'nice' (65 %), but fewer agreed that meat consumption was 'necessary' (51 %). Males agreed more strongly than females with all 4N subscales. High meat consumers were more likely to agree than to disagree that meat consumption was nice, normal, necessary and natural, and vegetarians tended to disagree with all rationalisations. Adolescent non-vegetarians whose food choice was motivated more by convenience, sensory appeal, price and familiarity tended to agree more with all 4N subscales, whereas adolescents motivated by animal welfare and environmental concerns were less likely to agree. CONCLUSIONS: To promote a reduction in meat consumption in adolescents, approaches will need to overcome beliefs that meat consumption is nice, normal, necessary and natural.

Quality of diet of vegetarians and non-vegetarians during COVID-19 pandemic and its association with Body Mass Index, questionnaire-based assessment

INTRODUCTION Elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased risk of not only cardiovascular (CVD) morbidity and mortality, but also lower risk of depression, type 2 diabetes, inflammation, carciongenesis. Vegetarian diet contributes to lower CVD risk and lower BMI. The aim of the study was assessment of the diet quality during the COVID-19 pandemic among vegetarian and non-vegetarian subpopulations. MATERIAL AND METHODS An online survey was distributed via social media channels. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic questions and the assessment of dietary habits based on the Polish komPAN questionnaire. Data were collected from 1987 people, 1956 met all study conditions. 40.23% respondents (n = 787) were vegetarians, 84% (n = 1649) were females. BMI and Prohealthy-Diet-Index-10 (pHDI-10) were established based on the collected data. Chi-square tests were performed between sexes, vegetarians and non-vegetarians. RESULTS The prevalence of excessive body weight (BMI >24.99 kg/m2) was higher among non-vegetarians than vegetarians (28.91% vs 17.03% respectively, P <0.05). Males were overweight or obese more often than females (44.95% vs 20.25% respectively, P <0.05). Among vegetarian males, recommended body weight (BMI >15.99 and <24.99) occurred more often than among non-vegetarian males (66.27% vs 49.11% respectively, P <0.05). Among non-vegetarian respondents who declared meat consumption less often than once a day the prevalence of excessive body weight was lower than among those who consumed meat at least once a day (22% vs 34% respectively, P <0.05). According to the pHDI-10 24.52% vegetarians had a 'moderately healthy' diet (pHDI >6.67 and pHDI <13.33) and none of the vegetarians had a 'very healthy diet' (pHDI >13.33), 36.61% non-vegetarians had a 'moderately healthy' diet and 0.34% non-vegetarians had a 'very healthy' diet. CONCLUSIONS Vegetarians have recommended body weight more often than non-vegetarians. Less frequent meat consumption was associated with higher prevalence of recommended body weight. According to pHDI-10, intensity of prohealthy dietary habits was higher among non-vegetarians.

Plant-Based Diet as a Strategy for Weight Control.

According to the World Health Organization, obesity has nearly tripled since the 1970s. Obesity and overweight are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammatory-mediated diseases, and other serious medical conditions. Moreover, recent data suggest that obesity, overweight, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality. Different strategies for weight control have been introduced over the last two decades. Unfortunately, these strategies have shown little effect. At the same time, many studies show that plants might be the key to a successful strategy for weight control. Following the PRISMA guidelines for conducting systematic reviews, a search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase using the following keywords: obesity, globesity, vegan, plant-based diet, etc. Our results show that vegan diets are associated with improved gut microbiota symbiosis, increased insulin sensitivity, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and over-expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. The key features of this diet are reduced calorie density and reduced cholesterol intake. The combination of these two factors is the essence of the efficiency of this approach to weight control. Our data suggest that plant-based/vegan diets might play a significant role in future strategies for reducing body weight.

Sleeping Disorders in Healthy Individuals with Different Dietary Patterns and BMI, Questionnaire Assessment.

The COVID-19 pandemic and abiding restrictions have affected every life domain. Sleep disturbances are a major health issue that is linked with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and psychological burdens. Research of sleeping disorders among vegetarian and non-vegetarian subpopulations is limited. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of sleeping disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic among people with different dietary patterns. Using a web-based cross-sectional survey, data were collected from 1987 people. A total of 1956 respondents met all study conditions. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic information, assessment of dietary habits, and assessment of the prevalence of insomnia and sleepiness, based on the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). A total of 36.04% (n = 705) respondents declared that they noticed a change in the quality of their sleep during the last year. According to AIS and ESS, non-vegetarians suffered from insomnia or sleepiness more often than vegetarians. Insomnia and sleepiness were also more prevalent among those respondents who declared consumption of fruit and vegetables less often than once a day compared with those who consumed fruit and vegetables daily. Respondents with BMI within the recommended limit (18.5-24.99) suffered from insomnia less often when compared with underweight (BMI < 18.5) or obese (BMI ≥ 25) respondents. Those results may be useful for public health workers and medical professionals in terms of establishing new instruments that help treat sleeping disorders.

Eating meat and not vaccinating: In defense of the analogy.

The devastating impact of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic is prompting renewed scrutiny of practices that heighten the risk of infectious disease. One such practice is refusing available vaccines known to be effective at preventing dangerous communicable diseases. For reasons of preventing individual harm, avoiding complicity in collective harm, and fairness, there is a growing consensus among ethicists that individuals have a duty to get vaccinated. I argue that these same grounds establish an analogous duty to avoid buying and eating most meat sold today, based solely on a concern for human welfare. Meat consumption is a leading driver of infectious disease. Wildlife sales at wet markets, bushmeat hunting, and concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are all exceptionally risky activities that facilitate disease spread and impose immense harms on human populations. If there is a moral duty to vaccinate, we also should recognize a moral duty to avoid most meat. The paper concludes by considering the implications of this duty for policy.